Research Sources

Scientific Background and Citations

About These Sources

The information in this app is inspired by the Blood Type Diet theory introduced by Dr. Peter J. D'Adamo. This theory proposes that individuals may respond differently to foods depending on their ABO blood group. While this concept has gained public interest, scientific studies have not validated the diet's claimed health benefits.

The citations below provide background on the theory as well as modern research on blood groups, metabolism, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk. These sources are presented for transparency and user education.

1. Blood Type Diet Theory & Background

D'Adamo, P.J. – Eat Right 4 Your Type (1996)

A foundational book introducing the Blood Type Diet theory, outlining food categories believed to be 'beneficial,' 'neutral,' or 'avoid' depending on blood type.

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D'Adamo Personalized Nutrition – Official Blood Type Diet Website

Provides background materials, theory explanations, food lists, and supplements based on the Blood Type Diet framework.

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4YourType – Blood Type Diet Resources

Official store and resource hub offering articles, food lists, supplements, and explanations of Dr. D'Adamo's methodology.

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Tsamesidis, I. et al. – The Potential Impact of Blood System on Dietary Habits and Health (2022)

A review discussing how ABO blood groups interact with dietary factors and cardiometabolic outcomes, including discussion of the Blood Type Diet theory.

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2. Scientific Evaluations of the Blood Type Diet

Cusack, L. et al. – Blood type diets lack supporting evidence: A systematic review (2013)

Systematic review of all available studies on the Blood Type Diet; concluded no evidence supports health benefits from following the diet based on blood type.

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Wang, J. et al. – ABO genotype, blood-type diet and cardiometabolic risk factors (2014)

Study of real-life diets resembling Blood Type Diet patterns; found some diets improve markers, but not because of blood type.

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Wang, J. et al. – ABO genotype does not modify the association between the blood-type diet and cardiometabolic biomarkers (2018)

Follow-up research showing that diet effects on health markers were independent of participants' blood types.

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Barnard, N.D. et al. – Blood type is not associated with diet response in cardiometabolic outcomes (2021)

Plant-based diet study showing uniform health improvements across all blood types, contradicting Blood Type Diet claims.

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Sinkitjasub, A. et al. – Eating for Your ABO Blood Group: A Scientific Perspective (2024)

Recent review evaluating modern evidence for dietary differences by blood group; concludes no solid support for the Blood Type Diet.

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3. Blood Group & Metabolic Health (Insulin Resistance, Diabetes)

Cretu, M.S. et al. – The correlations between ABO blood type and metabolic disorders in adolescents with PCOS (2018)

Found variations in insulin resistance and lipid levels among ABO blood groups in adolescents with PCOS, with blood group B showing higher metabolic risk markers.

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Meo, S.A. et al. – Association of ABO and Rh blood groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2016)

Showed higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes among individuals with blood group B compared to those with blood group O.

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Legese, B. et al. – Association of ABO/Rh blood groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020)

A study of Ethiopian adults showing blood group B associated with higher diabetes risk, while blood group O showed lower odds.

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Dai, Y. et al. – Association of ABO blood type with diabetes: Review article (2024)

Comprehensive analysis of multiple studies linking ABO blood groups to type 2 diabetes susceptibility.

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Sarıçam, O. et al. – Do insulin resistance and inflammation parameters change according to blood groups? (2023)

Examined non-obese adults, finding variations in insulin resistance and inflammatory markers by blood type.

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Wang, J. et al. – Insulin-related findings from cardiometabolic study (2014)

Study showing that individuals with blood group O had lower fasting insulin and HOMA-IR scores than other groups.

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4. Blood Group & Cardiovascular Health

He, M. et al. – ABO blood group and risk of coronary heart disease (2012)

Large cohort study showing non-O blood groups had higher coronary artery disease risk compared with group O.

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Zhang, Y. et al. – Risk factors and ABO blood group in patients with acute coronary syndrome (2015)

Explored severity and risk profiles of heart disease among different blood groups.

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Yaghooti-Khorasani, M. et al. – ABO blood group in subjects with cardiovascular disease risk factors (2020)

Studied associations between ABO blood groups and classical cardiovascular risk factors like cholesterol and blood pressure.

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Li, J. et al. – Association of ABO blood type with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (2024)

Found increased postoperative cardiovascular risk among certain non-O blood types.

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Amrani, S. et al. – Relationship between blood groups and cardiovascular diseases (2024)

Large inpatient study linking specific ABO groups with increased risk of cardiovascular conditions.

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Zindovic, I. et al. – ABO blood group and risk of aortic disease (2020)

Evaluated aortic disease risk and found no significant differences across blood groups, providing balance to the literature.

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